How to Clean Metal Jewellery: Tarnish, Oxidation and That Metallic Smell

The metallic smell on your jewellery is not coming from the jewellery.

That sounds like a technicality until you know what it means for cleaning it. In 2006 a team led by Dietmar Glindemann, working across the University of Leipzig and Virginia Tech, went looking for the source of the smell people describe on coins, keys, blood and cheap rings. They published the answer in Angewandte Chemie, and it was not what anyone expected. Metal has almost no smell of its own. What you are smelling is a compound called 1-octen-3-one, and it is made out of the oils on your own skin.

The metal only starts the reaction. Which means the smell is a clue about the piece, and it also means a wash removes it, at least until the same reaction runs again.

Below we'll go through that properly, then the difference between tarnish, oxidation and rust, which of the three your piece actually has, and the right method for every metal you're likely to own.

Jump to:

• Why Metal Jewellery Smells, and How to Get Rid of It
• Tarnished, Oxidised or Rusted? They Are Not the Same Thing
• The Oxidised Finish You Should Not Clean Off
• Every Metal, Side by Side
• The Method That Works on Almost Everything
• Where Each Metal Needs Something Different
• What to Keep Away From It
• When Cleaning Won't Fix It
• FAQs

Why Metal Jewellery Smells, and How to Get Rid of It

Here's the reaction, in plain terms.

Your skin produces oils. Some of those oils oxidise into compounds called lipid peroxides, which is ordinary and happens to everyone. When sweat touches a reactive metal, it corrodes the surface very slightly and releases metal ions. Those ions break the lipid peroxides apart, and one of the fragments is 1-octen-3-one, which the human nose detects at extraordinarily low concentrations and reads as metallic.

So the smell is a form of body odour, catalysed by your jewellery. Glindemann's team put it almost exactly that way in the paper. It's also why a ring smells when you wear it and smells of nothing sitting in a drawer.

How to Remove It

1. A few drops of mild washing-up liquid in warm water.
2. Soak the piece for ten to fifteen minutes to lift the oils out of any links, joints or engraving.
3. Work over it gently with a soft cloth. A soft-bristled toothbrush is fine on detail as long as the pressure stays light.
4. Rinse thoroughly. Soap residue feeds the next round.
5. Dry completely, including inside a clasp.

That removes the oils, and with them the smell.

What to Do If It Comes Straight Back

This is the part worth paying attention to. If the smell returns within a day of a proper clean, you haven't failed to clean it. The piece is producing the reaction faster than you can wash it away, and that tells you something specific about what it's made of.

Copper and brass are the main culprits. Both release ions readily, and both sit under the plating on most inexpensive jewellery. A piece that smells persistently, turns your skin green, or does both at once is almost always a copper alloy with a finish that has worn thin enough to let your skin reach it.

Unplated or low-grade steel does it too, for the same reason: free iron at the surface.

What doesn't do it is properly made stainless steel. 316L contains iron, but it also contains chromium, which forms an invisible oxide layer across the whole surface. That layer is what stops iron ions escaping into your skin, and it's the same property that stops the metal rusting or tarnishing. It's why our pieces are built on a 316L core, and on a gold-plated piece there's a layer of rhodium and a layer of 18K gold sitting between your skin and the steel on top of that.

If you want to test a piece, wash it, dry it, then hold it tightly in a clean palm for thirty seconds. If the smell is there immediately, the metal is reactive. That's a materials answer rather than a cleaning one.

Tarnished, Oxidised or Rusted? They Are Not the Same Thing

Most cleaning advice treats these as one problem. They're three different chemical processes, only one of which applies to any given piece, and the fixes don't overlap.

Rust is iron oxide. It needs iron and it needs oxygen and water. It's orange-brown, it's flaky, and it eats into the metal rather than sitting on it. Almost no jewellery metal can rust: not gold, not silver, not copper, not brass, not tungsten, and not 316L stainless steel. If you have genuine rust on a piece of jewellery, it's unprotected steel or iron, and it's usually a clasp, a spring or a pin rather than the piece itself.

Tarnish is a surface film, and on silver it isn't oxidation at all. Silver tarnish is silver sulphide, and it forms when silver meets sulphur compounds in the air. That's why silver darkens faster near rubber bands, wool, eggs, and in humid rooms, and why it can tarnish in a sealed box where there's very little oxygen. It sits on the surface, it comes off, and the metal underneath is untouched.

Oxidation, used loosely, covers everything else: the slight dulling on low-carat gold from its alloy metals, the darkening on copper, the green on brass. All surface, all removable.

The practical version: if it's flaking and orange, it's rust and the piece is probably finished. If it's a dark film that wipes or polishes away, it's tarnish or oxidation and the piece is fine. Our guide to cleaning a silver chain covers the silver case in full, and how to clean copper jewellery covers the green.

The Oxidised Finish You Should Not Clean Off

There's a version of this that isn't a fault at all, and it catches people out constantly.

Oxidised silver is a finish some makers apply on purpose. It's usually done with liver of sulphur, which produces silver sulphide deliberately, and the result is a controlled blackening that gets polished back off the raised surfaces and left sitting in the recesses. On an engraved ring, a textured pendant or a signet face, that dark contrast is the entire design. It's the same compound as tarnish. The difference is that somebody chose it.

Here's how to tell which you have. Tarnish is even. It creeps across the whole piece, including the parts that catch the light, and it gets worse over time. A deliberate finish is selective. The black sits in the low points and the engraved lines while the high points stay bright, and it looks that way from the day you bought it.

If it's deliberate, clean it with mild soap, water and a soft cloth, and nothing else. Silver polish, silver dip and polishing cloths all exist to remove exactly that layer. One pass with a dip can take a design off permanently, and re-oxidising is a jeweller job.

The same caution applies to any antiqued, patinated or blackened finish on any metal. If the darkness is part of what you liked about the piece, treat it as a coating rather than as dirt.

Every Metal, Side by Side

One line is worth pulling out of that table. The metals that smell are the metals that tarnish, and both come down to how readily the surface gives up ions. It's the same property showing up as two different complaints.

The Method That Works on Almost Everything

Warm water, mild washing-up liquid, a soft cloth. That covers the large majority of jewellery cleaning, and the exceptions are listed in the next section rather than the other way round.

1. Mild washing-up liquid in warm water. Not hot, and nothing degreasing or antibacterial.
2. Soak for ten to fifteen minutes.
3. Work gently with a soft cloth, or a soft-bristled toothbrush on detail.
4. Rinse under running water.
5. Dry immediately and completely with a lint-free cloth.

The drying step is the one people skip and the one that matters most. Water trapped in a clasp or against a link is the single most common cause of dulling, and it's entirely avoidable.

Keep stones out of the soak and wipe them separately. Softer and more porous stones don't want water sitting on them, and settings don't want to be worked at.

For a chain specifically, the links are where the work is. How to clean a silver chain and how to clean a gold chain both go through it step by step.

Where Each Metal Needs Something Different

Stainless Steel

The most forgiving metal on the list. It doesn't rust, tarnish or react, and the chromium oxide layer repairs itself if it gets scratched. Soap and water handles everything. You can be firmer with it than with anything else here.

Sterling Silver

The one that genuinely tarnishes, because of the 7.5% copper that makes up the rest of the alloy. Soap and water for dirt, a silver polishing cloth for the dark film. Store it dry, ideally in a sealed bag, since it's the air rather than the wear that does it. What 925 means covers the hallmark, and our own 925 Collection is where our genuine sterling sits.

Gold Plated

The gold layer is measured in microns, so the rule is gentleness. No toothpaste, no bicarbonate of soda, no ultrasonic cleaner. Cleaning gold-plated jewellery covers it properly, and what gold plated actually means explains why the layer is thinner than most people picture.

Gold Vermeil

Gold over solid sterling silver, so it inherits the silver's habits underneath. Lukewarm water, soft cloth, dry it immediately. Never a silver dip: it reaches the gold first.

Solid Gold

Doesn't tarnish, doesn't rust, and takes a soft brush without complaint. The only thing to respect is softness, since higher carats scratch more easily. Our full guide to cleaning gold jewellery covers every type.

Copper and Brass

The most reactive things you're likely to own, and the source of both the green skin and the persistent smell. They clean up, but they'll go again quickly. How to clean copper jewellery covers the method and the sealing question.

Tungsten

Extremely hard, chemically inert, and easy. Soap, water, cloth. It scratches other metals rather than the other way round, so store it separately.

What to Keep Away From It

• Toothpaste. Abrasive by design. Fine on enamel, a problem on any plated or soft surface.
• Bicarbonate of soda paste. Works on solid sterling. Too rough for anything plated.
• Lemon juice and vinegar. These turn up in almost every rust-removal guide. They're acidic, they react with copper, and most jewellery metals cannot rust in the first place, so they're usually solving a problem the piece does not have.
• Silver dip. Effective on solid sterling and destructive on vermeil, plated pieces and deliberately oxidised finishes.
• Ultrasonic cleaners. Fine on solid metal with no stones. They work plating loose and loosen settings.
• Bleach and chlorine. Swimming pools and hot tubs included. Chlorine attacks gold surfaces and can pit some alloys outright.

When Cleaning Won't Fix It

Three signs that the problem isn't dirt.

The colour has changed in specific places rather than dulling evenly. High points on a link, the inside of a band, the edge of a clasp. That's a finish wearing through to the metal underneath, and there's nothing on top left to remove.

The smell or the green comes back within a day of a proper clean. The base metal is now in contact with your skin. Cleaning treats the symptom each time and the piece will keep doing it.

There's genuine rust, pitting or flaking. Surface tarnish sits on the metal. Rust eats into it, and a pitted clasp is a structural problem rather than a cosmetic one.

The way to avoid all three is to start with metal that doesn't do any of it. Our pieces are built on a 316L stainless steel core, finished in 18K gold with rhodium beneath, or made in solid sterling silver. Nothing in the range is brass or copper-cored, which is the specific thing that causes the smell, the green and most of the tarnish people deal with.

FAQs

How do you get the metal smell out of jewellery?

Wash the piece in warm water with a few drops of mild washing-up liquid, work gently into any links or crevices, rinse and dry it completely. That removes the skin oils the reaction needs. If the smell comes straight back within a day, the piece itself is the problem rather than the dirt: it is releasing metal ions into your skin, which usually means a copper or brass base showing through a worn finish.

Why does my jewellery smell like blood or coins?

Because that smell is not coming from the metal. Research published in Angewandte Chemie in 2006 found that the metallic odour people associate with iron, coins and blood is actually 1-octen-3-one, a compound produced when metal ions break down the natural oils on your skin. The metal is the catalyst. The smell is made from you.

Does stainless steel jewellery smell?

Far less than most metals, and usually not at all. Stainless steel is iron-based, but the chromium in it forms an invisible oxide layer across the surface that stops iron ions being released into your skin. That passive layer is the same reason 316L does not rust or tarnish. On a gold-plated piece there is a layer of gold and rhodium between your skin and the steel as well.

What does it mean if jewellery has oxidised?

It depends on which kind you have. Unintentional oxidation is tarnish: a dull or dark film that builds on the surface over time, and it cleans off. Intentional oxidation is a finish, where a maker has deliberately blackened the recesses of a piece for contrast. The two look similar and want opposite treatment, so it is worth working out which you are looking at before you touch it.

Can you clean oxidised jewellery without ruining the finish?

Yes, if the darkening is deliberate. Wash with mild soap and water, dry it, and stay away from polish, dips and anything abrasive. Those are designed to strip exactly the layer you want to keep. If the black is sitting only in the engraved lines and recesses while the raised surfaces are bright, that is a deliberate finish and polishing will flatten the whole design.

Is tarnish the same thing as rust?

No, and the difference matters. Rust is iron oxide and only forms on iron and non-stainless steels. Tarnish on silver is silver sulphide, formed by sulphur compounds in the air rather than by oxygen. Most jewellery metals cannot rust at all, which is why rust-removal advice built around lemon juice and vinegar is usually being applied to a problem the piece does not have.

Why does cheap jewellery turn your skin green?

Copper. It is in most inexpensive alloys, and when it reacts with sweat it forms copper salts that transfer to your skin. It is harmless and it washes off. It is also a reliable signal about what the piece is made of, and it usually arrives around the same time as the metallic smell, for the same reason.

How often should you clean metal jewellery?

A wipe with a dry cloth every time you take a piece off, and a proper wash every few weeks if you wear it most days. The wipe matters more. Nearly every problem on this page, smell, tarnish and dulling alike, starts with skin oils and sweat sitting on metal overnight.

Where to Go From Here

Most metal jewellery asks for very little: mild soap, a soft cloth, and drying it properly. The pieces that need more than that are usually telling you something about what they're made of.

If you're replacing something that's given up, chains, bracelets and rings are the place to start, and the 925 Collection if you want solid sterling. For care by material, our guides to cleaning gold jewellery and cleaning gold rings go deeper than this page does.